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| biru county |
Located between the Tanggula Shan and the Nyainqentanglha Shan, Biru is in the east of Nagqu (Naqu) and within the territory in the upper reaches of Nujiang River (Salween). It covers an area of 11,456 square kilometers and has a population of 39,000. In Tibetan Biru means groups of female yak? It is under the administration of Nagqu (Naqu) and the county seat lies at Biru Town. Known as the 揝outh of the Yangtze River in North Tibet? the town enjoys a long history and an unsophisticated folkway. The rugged landscapes on both banks of the Lu Jiang, the primitive forests at Pengpan Town, the ancient poplars reaching the sky at Biruxiong and the relic site of the three-toe horse at Xiquka are worthy of visiting. Within the territory of the county there are about 40 peaks as high as 5,000 meters.
Although only at a distance as the crow flies of 300 km from Lhasa, Biru county ('bri ru rdzong, Chin. Biru Xian) is still one of the least known areas in Tibet proper. Traversed by the main communication line between Nagchu and Chamdo, the northern highway from Lhasa to Chengdu, the county's administrative seat is located further south on the banks of the Ngtil Chu. That latter name is given to the Salween headwaters after the Nag Chu has received some major tributaries upon entering the county. Administratively adjoined to the Changthang district of Nagchu, Biru can be considered the first Khampa area reached when leaving Nagchukha heading east. The county's northwestern part extends across vast stretches of highland steppes where the nomads herd their yaks. This feature obviously gave the area its name-Biru means 'horns of the female yak' ('bri) and also expresses that it is a country division full of 'bri, i.e. yaks. Its southeast part is characterized by the Nguel Chu gorge and its side-valleys, where some arable land feeds a farming population. Above all tower the snow-covered peaks of the eastern Nyenchen Thanglha chains.
The county town of Nagshoe Biru (nags shod 'bri ru) is reached by leaving the main Nagchu-Chamdo highway 95 km ahead of Sog-de. A further 105 km leads on a side-road across the pass Damne La ('dam sne la, 5,013 m) and into the Salween valley. Nagshoe stretches out on the north bank of the river. Somewhat downstream a bridge takes the county road towards the opposite bank, continues south and later eastward into neighboring Pembar county.
After the 4th century BC the area was part of the ancient Sumpa Kingdom until it was conquered by the armies of the 7th century King Songtsen Gampo. The regional division it belonged to then still retained the name of Sumpa. In 1642 Gushri Khan's military campaigns subjugated the tribal areas of Nubhor. Since he fought in favor of the 5th Dalai Lama, the latter established Sog Tsanden Gompa, a major Gelugpa lamasery that was to reduce the Boenpo monasteries' influence in the area. After 1732 and 1751 the area's jurisdiction also fell under the jurisdiction of the Manchu dynasty's ambans stationed in Lhasa. However, the decline of the Chinese empire and the growing independent actions of the central Tibetan government made this part of Kham clearly a part of the Dalai Lama's sphere of authority. In 1941, the Kashag government in Lhasa drew a provincial line for (Nub) Hor encompassing six traditional dzong districts, or counties. |
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